| 1 |
WELDING,
BRAZING, & SOLDERING |
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| 2 |
Oxyacetylene
Welding Fire Hazards |
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Fire and
explosion hazards |
Welding
surface should be fireproof, made of steel or firebrick; don't use
asbestos sheeting; wooden floors & walls should be covered with
fireproof materials; remove combustibles/flammables; don't weld on
containers that have held combustibles/flammables |
| 3 |
Oxyacetylene
Welding Cylinder Precautions |
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Don't move
cylinders w/out valve protection cap;make sure hoses can't be tripped
over/don't contact grease;make sure connections are gas tight;use proper
tools to open valves away from self;purge lines to remove mixed
gases;close valves before relighting |
| 4 |
Oxyacetylene
Welding Safety Hazards |
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Thermal
burns |
Hot metal,
flying sparks, infrared radiation can cause severe thermal burns on
exposed skin |
Wear leather
gloves, long-sleeve 100% wool or flame-retardant cotton shirts, pants,
leather apron to protect from burns; don't wear flammable clothing
w/cuffs, pockets; wear hightop leather boots w/out rubber/crepe soles
& do have safety toes |
| 5 |
Oxyacetylene
Welding Health Hazards |
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Phosgene
extremely toxic; carbon dioxide, acetylene cut off oxygen to lungs; carbon
monoxide & fluoride flux fumes highly toxic; metal fume fever; metal
dusts irritating; metal fumes highly toxic |
UV can cause
skin cancer, eye damage, sunburn; can react w/ chlorinated hydrocarbons to
form phosgene |
Visible
light can cause eye strain/headaches; infrared radiation can cause skin
burns/ chronic eye inflammation/ heat cataracts;
copper/ zinc/ iron/ nickel/ magnesium can cause metal fume fever;
lead/ cadmium/ manganese/ chromium/ beryllium/ nickel highly toxic |
Wear welding
goggles w/shade #4-8; don't store chlorinated hydrocarbons where uv light
can reach; know composition of metals/rods; use dilution ventilation of at
least 2,000 cubic feet/minute/welder; use local exhaust system,
NIOSH-approved respirator |
| 6 |
Arc Welding
Safety Hazards |
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Increased
risk of fire, thermal burns from sparks, heat stress; high risk of
electric shock due to large electric currents used |
Wear
protective clothing/leather leggings/sleeves; prevent fire; install &
ground electric arc welders according to manufacturer; cables/connectors
should be of proper size, regularly inspected, & properly secured;
inspect electrode holders, cables |
| 7 |
Arc Welding
Health Hazards |
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Ozone highly
toxic/causes lung irritation/congestion/ chemical pneumonia/chronic
bronchitis, can be fatal; nitrogen dioxide highly toxic/causes chemical
pneumonia, emphysema; metal fumes/manganese/fluoride fumes highly
toxic |
Eye damage
from uv light |
Chromates
may cause lung irritation, allergies, nasal septum ulceration, lung
cancer; plasma arc welders produce much higher concentrations of ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, metal fumes & produce high noise levels |
Use
fireproof uv radiation screens around welding units; coat walls w/zinc
oxide to reduce reflection; leave 20 inches at bottom of screen for
ventilation; wear welding helmet over impact-resistant flash goggles
(#10-14); use local exhaust ventilation |
| 8 |
FOUNDRY |
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| 9 |
Mold
Making |
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High-silica
sands, silica flour, investment plasters highly toxic (can cause
silicosis); formaldehyde extremely toxic; isocyanates highly toxic;
asbestos extremely toxic; ethyl silicate highly toxic |
Formaldehyde
moderately toxic; hexamethylenetetramine causes skin irritation by
decomposing to formaldehyde |
Formaldehyde
known carcinogen; asbestos can cause lung cancer, mesothelioma,
stomach/intestinal cancer; french chalk can contain high amts.of free
silica |
Use foundry
sand for molds,not high-silica sands; use local exhaust ventilation when
mixing silica, or use NIOSH-approved respirator; avoid
formaldehyde/polyurethane resins; wear gloves, goggles; DO NOT use
asbestos/silica flour/French chalk; use graphite |
| 10 |
Burnout of
the Pattern |
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Carbon
monoxide highly toxic; wax decomposition fumes highly irritating; styrene,
hydrogen cyanide gases highly toxic |
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Ventilate
with local exhaust system (canopy hood over burnout furnace) |
| 11 |
Melting the
Metal |
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Carbon
dioxide & carbon monoxide (highly toxic) from furnace; lead fumes from
lead metal & bronze highly toxic; zinc fumes from bronze & brass
moderately toxic; nickel fumes may be extremely toxic (nickel carbonyl can
be in it) |
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Natural
gas/propane gas cause fire/explosion hazards; nickel fumes/dusts can cause
lung/nasal cancer; using alloys of unknown composition can result in
exposure to other toxic metals;furnace can cause heat stress; infrared
radiation causes skin burns |
Gas furnaces
should be connected by gas company; use alloys of known composition only;
avoid nickel/lead; use local exhaust ventilation;wear infrared
goggles,face shield,long-sleeve wool shirt, insulated leggings, jacket,
apron, gloves |
| 12 |
Pouring the
Metal |
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Hazardous
metal fumes released during pouring; thermal decomposition of organic
materials release formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, acrolein, cancer-causing
substances; polyurethane foam can release hydrogen cyanide gas (extremely
toxic) |
Molten metal
splashes can cause severe thermal burns |
Manual pours
limited by weight of crucible & person's strength; molten metal
splashes on cement result in heat vaporizing water in cement, causing it
to violently break apart in steam explosion |
Make sure
you can lift crucible; don't pour by yourself; use two-person shank and
ring/mechanical lifting equipment; embed molds in damp sand 18 inches
deep, enclosed in metal; foundry floor should have raised metal
grate/covered w/sand; use canopy hood |
| 13 |
Removing the
Mold |
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Intense
temperatures convert normal quartz sand to highly haz. silica;
sandblasting can cause silicosis in a few years exposure |
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Abrasive
blasting creates loud amounts of noise, which can cause hearing
loss |
Wear
NIOSH-approved toxic dust respirator;vacuum/met mop;don't use sand for
abrasive blasting;use alumina/silicon carbide/walnut shells;avoid foundry
slags w/arsenic;inspect blasting machine often;wear hearing protection,
protective clothing,blasting hood |
| 14 |
FORGING
& METAL FABRICATION |
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| 15 |
Cutting,
Piercing, & Filing Metals |
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Small metal
filings can damage skin, eyes; saws, drills, metal snips can cause
cuts |
Electric
drills can cause electric shocks if they're not properly
grounded |
Wear
ANSI-approved goggles to protect eyes against flying metal pieces/filings;
make sure electrical equipment properly grounded & wiring is in good
condition; handle tools w/sharp edges carefully; fasten metal piece in
vise; put tools away after use |
| 16 |
Forging |
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Furnaces for
hot forging give off large amounts of carbon monoxide and other highly
toxic fumes & gases |
Careless
handling of hot objects can cause thermal burns; furnaces produce infrared
radiation, which is an eye & skin hazard |
Noise is a
hearing hazard in both hot/cold forging; large amounts of heat from
furnaces can cause heat stress |
Do forging
in separate room; wear ear plugs/ear muffs; equip all furnaces
w/chimneys/canopy hoods; use exhaust fan; wear protective goggles (shade #
1.7-3.0); wear long-sleeve, cotton shirt, leather gloves, safety shoes,
face shield; keep room cool |
| 17 |
Annealing |
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Sulfuric
acid/other acids & Sparex highly corrosive to skin, eyes; diluted acid
less haz., but can cause burns |
Use of
torches involves flammable gases, such as propane & acetylene, and
oxygen/compressed air (fire & explosion hazards); furnaces can cause
heat stress |
Use
precautions w/gas torches, fuel-fired furnaces; wear protective goggles,
gloves, apron; add acid to water; use Sparex; avoid acids; if acid
splashes on skin, rinse w/water, if in eyes, rinse for 15-20 minutes;
neutralize acid w/sodium bicarbonate |
| 18 |
SURFACE
TREATMENT OF METALS |
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| 19 |
Mechanical
Treatment |
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Benzine
(VM&P naphtha) moderately toxic |
Benzine
moderately toxic; hot pitch is skin irritant & frequent, prolonged
contact can cause skin cancer |
Heating
pitch & use of benzine to remove pitch from the metal creates fire
hazards; engraving tools can cause cuts if used improperly |
Don't
smoke/have open flames; store solvents in safety cans, store rags in
disposal cans & remove each day; use adequate exhaust system; use
gloves when handling hot pitch or benzine; handle engraving tools
carefully; cut away from yourself |
| 20 |
Etching
& Photoetching |
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Nitrogen
dioxide gas highly toxic, causing pulmonary edema, pneumonia, emphysema;
methyl cellosolve acetate highly toxic; xylene highly toxic; carbon arcs
give off nitrogen oxides, ozone, metal fumes (highly toxic) |
Nitric
acid/other acids highly corrosive to eyes,skin; methyl cellosolve acetate
highly toxic; xylene moderately toxic; hot pitch can cause burns |
Methyl
cellosolve acetate can cause adverse reproductive effects, kidney damage,
anemia; methyl cellosolve acetate & xylene flammable; carbon arcs emit
ultraviolet radiation, which cause sunburn, eye damage; hot pitch is fire
haz. |
Wear gloves,
goggles, protective apron, NIOSH-approved organic vapor respirator; add
acid to water; if acid splashes on skin, rinse w/water, if in eyes, rinse
for 15-20 minutes; use local exhaust system; use commercial resists; don't
use carbon arcs |
| 21 |
Electroplating & Electroforming |
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Sulfuric
acid is respiratory irritant; lacquer vapors & mists highly
toxic |
Risk of
electrical shock; caustic soda, sulfuric acid highly corrosive; sulfuric
acid skin & eye irritant; lacquer vapors moderately
irritating |
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Send pieces
to commercial electroplater; wear rubber gloves, goggles, protective
apron, NIOSH-approved respirator, rubber-soled shoes; add acid to water;
if acid splashes on skin, rinse w/water, if in eyes, rinse 15-20 min.; use
local exhaust system |
| 22 |
Electroplating & Electroforming (continued) |
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Install
ground fault circuit interrupter; install electroplating unit on
wooden/nonconducting surface, not on metal; don't use metal chair; don't
touch bath, wires, electrodes w/bare hands; unplug power before adjusting
bath; use special rectifiers/tape |
| 23 |
Anodizing |
Hydrofluoric
acid can be fatal |
Trisodium
phosphate alkaline & can cause respiratory irritation; hydrofluoric
acid highly corrosive to lungs |
Trisodium
phosphate alkaline & can cause skin, eye irritation; hydrofluoric acid
highly corrosive |
Titanium
& tantalum are combustible; their filings & dust will burn; burns
can occur without pain hours after exposure to hydrofluoric acid;
hydrofluoric acid can cause chemical pneumonia, chronic bone/teeth or
kidney damage; risk of electrical shock |
Wear
insulating rubber gloves, goggles, protective apron, face shield; AVOID
hydrofluoric acid, use wet sand & emery paper; only use hydrofluoric
acid in lab hood or w/acid gas respirator; if contact w/skin/eyes, flush
for 15 min. & call doctor right away |
| 24 |
Patinas |
Patinas
highly poisonous; concentrated acids highly corrosive; benzine moderately
toxic |
Chlorinated
solvents highly toxic; patinas highly poisonous; spray mists haz.;
concentrated acids highly corrosive; potassium cyanide forms poisonous
hydrogen cyanide gas; benzine moderately toxic, lacquers highly
toxic |
Chlorinated
solvents can be absorbed through skin; patinas corrosive; concentrated
acids highly corrosive; benzine, lacquers moderately toxic |
Chlorinated
solvents probable carcinogens; if heated w/torch, decompose to poisonous
phosgene gas; diluted acids cause skin, eye irritation; oxidizing agents
can cause fires/explosions; benzine, lacquer solutions flammable |
Use mineral
spirits/detergent solutions to clean/degrease metals; don't use
antimony/ arsenic/ cyanide/ mercury; wear goggles, gloves, protective apron;
don't add acids to sulfides when coloring; store oxidizing agents away
from solvents |
| 25 |
Patinas
(continued) |
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Use glove
box, local exhaust ventilation, NIOSH-approved toxic dust respirator;
don't eat, drink, smoke in studio; dip/brush patinas instead of spraying;
don't have smoke/open flames in working area; dispose of waste solvents
& rags daily |
| 26 |
Niello |
Lead sulfide
dust from grinding highly toxic |
Lead fumes
emitted from melting of lead highly toxic; lead sulfide dust from grinding
highly toxic |
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Do all
melting & heating in local exhaust system; wear NIOSH-approved
respirator; don't eat, drink, smoke in studio; wash hands carefully after
work; wet mop surfaces; heat ammonium chloride paste inside a
hood |
| 27 |
Gilding |
Mercury
metal poorly absorbed |
Mercury
metal highly toxic |
Mercury
metal highly toxic |
Acute
mercury poisoning is accompanied by metallic taste, excessive salivation,
swelling of gums/mouth, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, kidney failure,
bronchitis, pneumonia; chronic mercury poisoning affects central nervous
system |
DO NOT USE
mercury amalgams; store mercury under water in closed containers; if
mercury used, make amalgam on tray to contain spills; use local exhaust
ventilation; clean up spills w/mercury spill kit; wash contaminated
surfaces w/ferric chloride |
| 28 |
CLEANING,
POLISHING, & FINISHING |
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| 29 |
Pickling |
Ammonium
bifluoride highly toxic |
Nitric &
sulfuric acids highly toxic; hydrofluoric acid highly corrosive; potassium
dichromate highly toxic |
Nitric &
sulfuric acid, ammonium bifluoride highly toxic; hydrofluoric acid highly
corrosive; sodium bisulfate moderately corrosive; potassium dichromate
moderately toxic |
Boiling acid
solutions can be very hazardous due to danger of splashing; dichromates
are probable carcinogens; hydrofluoric acid can cause lung irritation,
chemical pneumonia, chronic bone/teeth/kidney damage; may be
fatal |
Wear gloves,
goggles, protective apron, respirator, face shield; if acid splashes on
skin, rinse w/water; if in eyes, rinse for 15-20 min.; cover acid baths;
use local exhaust ventilation; use bifluoride pastes; neutralize acid
w/sodium bicarbonate |
| 30 |
Grinding,
Polishing, & Other Mechanical Techniques |
Lead-containing dusts highly toxic |
Lead-containing dusts highly toxic; free silica highly toxic,
causing silicosis; formaldehyde highly irritating; silica-containing
abrasives may cause silicosis from chronic inhalation |
Cutting
fluids may cause dermatitis |
Flying metal
particles can cause eye damage; synthetic, semisynthetic, soluble cutting
oils contain nitrosamines, which cause cancer in animals |
Wear
goggles, face shield, respirator; grinding wheels should have eye shields;
don't wear loose clothing; don't use sandstone wheels; use silicon
carbide/alumina; use wet techniques; use local exhaust ventilation; use
cutting oils w/out amines/nitrites |
